1905년 쓰인 An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary(including a grammar of the Ainu language)의 내용 중 흥미로웠던 부분을 발췌한다.
John Batchelor(1854-1944)의 저작이며 Tokyo Methodist Pub.House에서 출간되었다.
III. WORD BUILDING.
Besides the dissimilarities in Grammar
as set forth in the preceding paragraph, there are also other improtant difference
existing between the two languages which Prof. Chamberlain has not noted in his
essay. What he has given, however, are fully sufficient to prove that the present
Japanese tongue has no grammatical connection with Ainu. This fact may be fully
and very interstingly emphasized by considering the manner in which the Ainu build
up their words, illustrations of which it is now proposed to give.
(1)
Aeiyukoikireyara. This word means “he sent him to set them at variance with
each other over something.” The following is a chemical analysis of the word:
ki root meaning “do.”
i an intensifying root meaning “severely;”
“intently”
iki “to do intently” or “severely”
ko a root meaning “to” when used before some
verbs.
koiki “to scold;” “to beat;” “do severely to.”
u a
root meaing “together” or “union” or “mutually”
ukoiki “to quarrel with each other.”
re used
as a suffix to verb expresses “cause.”
a a root expressive of the past tense.
ukoikire “to
make quarrel”
i expressive of 3rd personal
pronoun “he.”
aiyukoikire “make
them quarrel with each other.” The y is added after the i for the
sake of euphony only.
e expressive
of the objective case.
aeiyukoikire “he
made them quarrel with each other over something.”
yara “to do through another;” “to send to do.”
aeiyukoikireyara “he sent and set them at variance
with each other over something.”
(2) Take now the word i(y)eyaikoemakbare
“to forsake,” “to backslide.” It may be analyzed thus:
i 3rd.
per. pro. nom. “they.”
e (euphonically
ye), 2nd, per. pro. obj. “him.”
yai reflex.
prop. “self.” (from the root a, “to exist.”)
ko root
meaning “to;” “with regard to.”
e objective
of the verb, “it.”
mak root
of maka “open.”
ba a
plural personal root to verbs (as cha plural ending to some nouns).
re a
causitive ending to verbs.
Hence,
eyaikoemakbare, “to forsake” (lit. “they made him cast himself away (from)
with reference to it”). E.g. Koro shinrit ekashi ki buri gusu eiyaikoemakbore
nisa ruwa ne, “they made him forsake the customs of the ancients.” It would
perhaps be superfluous to remark that the chief root of this long word is simply
mak, “open”, the transitive of which is emaka, “to open.”
Thus,
do many roots cluster round the little verb ki, “to do;” and mak,
“open.” Every root always retains one or another of its meanings though of course
modified in each as the subject and object require. This kind of—I was going to
say vivisection, but substitute postmorem examination instead proves,
I think, that the Ainu language has grown from a monosyllabic to an agglutinative
or combinatory one; and shows that it has not only been highly developed in years
long past, but that it was also capable of greater development had the race survived,
come into the arena of civilization, and cultivated it. Indeed, such words as the
above show how the Ainu language has passed from the “Rhematic”, into the “Dialectic”
stage of development.
In
the above examples verbs only have been given; let us now take an adjective and
adverb as further illustrations of this matter.
Thus:
(a) Pirika,
“good.”
Pirikap, “a good thing.”
Pirika-hi, “goodness.”
Pirikare, “to better.”
Epirika, “to gain.”
Epirikap, “something gained.”
Epirikare, “to make another gain.”
Yaiepirika, “to gain of oneself.”
Eyaiepirikare, “to make one gain
something for himself.”
Eyaiepirikarep, “that which one
causes himself to gain for himself.”
(b) Ioyapa, “the year after next.”
I, an intensifying particle both
as regards place, time, and state.
Oya, “other” “next;” “different.”
Pa, “year;” “season.”
Hence, ioyapa, “the year after
next.
The
word ioyashimge belongs to the same class.
Thus:
Ioya, as given above.
Oyashim, “the day after tomorrow.”
Oyashimshimge, “the morrow following
the day after tomorrow.”
Ioyashimge, “the third day after
tomorrow.”
The
word oyaketa, “elsewhere,” is also of peculiar interest when dissected. Thus:
O, a seperating particle whose root meaning is “off;” “from;” (y)a, a,
“to be,” the verb of existenxe, the y being merely euphonius; ke,
a particle meaning “place”; and ta, “at” a “in.” Hence, o-ya-ke-ta,
“at another place”, i.e. “elsewhere.”
But
even nouns of apparently two syllables only may in some instances be shown to be
drived, through the process of agglutinization, from three roots. Nay, a one syllable
word is sometimes seen to be derived from two several roots. Thus:
(a) Amip,
“clothing.” This is compounded from a, passive particle “is;”, mi, “to
wear”; and pe “an article.” Hence, amip, “article worn”; “clothing.”
Another way of saying the same word is mi-am-be. “clothing.”
(b) Pet,
“a river.” One would naturally suppose this to be a simple word, yet careful consideration
shows it to be a compound. Thus: Pe, “water”; t, a contraction of chi a
plural suffix in common use. Hence, pet, “waters,” i.e. “stream” or “river.”
Pe-chi is often heard when reciting traditions or singing songs.
But perhaps one of the most intersting
methods of building up words and one which may not for a moment be ignored or overlooked
by the student of this language is exemplified in the following examples. But first
let it be understood that He has the sense of “facing”; “fore”; “looking
inwards”; “tending towards one”; “in front.” Ho has the opposite meaning
of “off”; “away from”; “behind”, “back.” Shi has a reflexive and intransitive
force and perhaps represents the infinitive mood. With these words as keys we will
take the three following compounds as illustrations.
(1) Maka,
v,t. To open; to clear away.
Shimaka, v.i. To have cleared away of itself.
Hemaka, v.i. & adj. To turn
from but with the face looking upwards and forward.
Homaka, v.i. & adj. To clear
off; to go away entirely and leave an open space.
(2) Noye,
v.t. To win; to twist.
Shinoye, v.i. To twist by its own
power.
Henoye, v.i. & adj. To be twisted;
wound up.
Honoye, v.i. & adj. Twisted
back out of place.
(3) Pirasa,
v.t. To spread out.
Shipirasa, v.i. To spread out of
itself.
Hepirasa, v.i. & adj. To open
up as a flower from the bud.
Hopirasa, v.i. & adj. To fall
apart as one’s coat or dress as when blown by the wind.
Such words as these show great development
of speech and the nicities shown
in them will be duly appreciated by any lover of philological research.
